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tikzfigure

Opacity and Transparency

tikzfigure provides fine-grained control over transparency at every level: whole nodes, just the fill, just the stroke, paths, and the final PNG background. This tutorial covers:

  • opacity on nodes
  • fill_opacity vs draw_opacity independently
  • opacity and fill_opacity on paths
  • transparent vs white backgrounds with show() and savefig()
  • a practical Venn diagram
from tikzfigure import TikzFigure

opacity on nodes

Section titled “opacity on nodes”

opacity controls the overall transparency of a node (both fill and stroke together). A value of 1.0 is fully opaque; 0.0 is invisible.

The circles below overlap so you can see how lower opacity lets underlying content show through.

fig = TikzFigure()


opacities = [1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2]


for i, op in enumerate(opacities):
    fig.add_node(
        x=i * 1.5,
        y=0,
        shape="circle",
        fill="blue!60",
        draw="blue!80",
        minimum_size="2.5cm",
        opacity=op,
    )
    fig.add_node(
        x=i * 1.5,
        y=-1.8,
        content=f"opacity={op}",
        draw="none",
        font=r"\tiny",
    )


fig.show()

Show Tikz code 
print(fig)
% --------------------------------------------- %
% Tikzfigure generated by tikzfigure v0.2.1     %
% https://github.com/max-models/tikzfigure      %
% --------------------------------------------- %
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \node[shape=circle, fill=blue!60, draw=blue!80, opacity=1.0, minimum size=2.5cm] (node0) at ({0.0}, {0}) {};
    \node[draw=none, font=\tiny] (node1) at ({0.0}, {-1.8}) {opacity=1.0};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=blue!60, draw=blue!80, opacity=0.8, minimum size=2.5cm] (node2) at ({1.5}, {0}) {};
    \node[draw=none, font=\tiny] (node3) at ({1.5}, {-1.8}) {opacity=0.8};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=blue!60, draw=blue!80, opacity=0.6, minimum size=2.5cm] (node4) at ({3.0}, {0}) {};
    \node[draw=none, font=\tiny] (node5) at ({3.0}, {-1.8}) {opacity=0.6};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=blue!60, draw=blue!80, opacity=0.4, minimum size=2.5cm] (node6) at ({4.5}, {0}) {};
    \node[draw=none, font=\tiny] (node7) at ({4.5}, {-1.8}) {opacity=0.4};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=blue!60, draw=blue!80, opacity=0.2, minimum size=2.5cm] (node8) at ({6.0}, {0}) {};
    \node[draw=none, font=\tiny] (node9) at ({6.0}, {-1.8}) {opacity=0.2};
\end{tikzpicture}

fill_opacity vs draw_opacity

Section titled “fill_opacity vs draw_opacity”

fill_opacity and draw_opacity let you control the fill and stroke independently. Here every node has an opaque border but a translucent fill — a common styling choice for overlapping regions.

fig = TikzFigure()


colors = ["red", "blue", "green!60!black", "orange"]


for i, color in enumerate(colors):
    fig.add_node(
        x=i * 2,
        y=0,
        shape="circle",
        fill=color,
        draw=color,
        minimum_size="2cm",
        fill_opacity=0.3,
        draw_opacity=1.0,
        line_width=2,
    )


fig.show()

Show Tikz code 
print(fig)
% --------------------------------------------- %
% Tikzfigure generated by tikzfigure v0.2.1     %
% https://github.com/max-models/tikzfigure      %
% --------------------------------------------- %
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \node[shape=circle, fill=red, draw=red, fill opacity=0.3, draw opacity=1.0, minimum size=2cm, line width=2] (node0) at ({0}, {0}) {};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=blue, draw=blue, fill opacity=0.3, draw opacity=1.0, minimum size=2cm, line width=2] (node1) at ({2}, {0}) {};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=green!60!black, draw=green!60!black, fill opacity=0.3, draw opacity=1.0, minimum size=2cm, line width=2] (node2) at ({4}, {0}) {};
    \node[shape=circle, fill=orange, draw=orange, fill opacity=0.3, draw opacity=1.0, minimum size=2cm, line width=2] (node3) at ({6}, {0}) {};
\end{tikzpicture}

opacity on paths

Section titled “opacity on paths”

Paths support the same opacity parameter. Below, three filled triangles overlap with decreasing opacity.

fig = TikzFigure()


triangles = [
    ([(0, 0), (3, 0), (1.5, 2.5)], "red", 0.9),
    ([(1, 0), (4, 0), (2.5, 2.5)], "blue", 0.7),
    ([(2, 0), (5, 0), (3.5, 2.5)], "green!60!black", 0.5),
]


for pts, color, op in triangles:
    fig.draw(pts, cycle=True, fill=color, draw=color, opacity=op, line_width=1.5)


fig.show()

Show Tikz code 
print(fig)
% --------------------------------------------- %
% Tikzfigure generated by tikzfigure v0.2.1     %
% https://github.com/max-models/tikzfigure      %
% --------------------------------------------- %
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \draw[fill=red, draw=red, opacity=0.9, line width=1.5] (0, 0) to (3, 0) to (1.5, 2.5) -- cycle;
    \draw[fill=blue, draw=blue, opacity=0.7, line width=1.5] (1, 0) to (4, 0) to (2.5, 2.5) -- cycle;
    \draw[fill=green!60!black, draw=green!60!black, opacity=0.5, line width=1.5] (2, 0) to (5, 0) to (3.5, 2.5) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}

fill_opacity on path fills

Section titled “fill_opacity on path fills”

Use fill_opacity on a path to make the fill semi-transparent while keeping the outline fully visible.

fig = TikzFigure()


import math


# A set of overlapping circles rendered as paths
for i in range(4):
    angle = i * math.pi / 2
    cx = 2 + math.cos(angle) * 1.2
    cy = 2 + math.sin(angle) * 1.2
    theta = [2 * math.pi * k / 40 for k in range(40)]
    pts = [(cx + math.cos(t), cy + math.sin(t)) for t in theta]
    colors = ["red", "blue", "green!70!black", "orange"]
    fig.draw(
        pts,
        cycle=True,
        fill=colors[i],
        draw=colors[i],
        fill_opacity=0.35,
        draw_opacity=1.0,
        line_width=2,
    )


fig.show()

Show Tikz code 
print(fig)
% --------------------------------------------- %
% Tikzfigure generated by tikzfigure v0.2.1     %
% https://github.com/max-models/tikzfigure      %
% --------------------------------------------- %
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \draw[fill=red, draw=red, draw opacity=1.0, fill opacity=0.35, line width=2] (4.2, 2.0) to (4.1876883405951375, 2.1564344650402307) to (4.151056516295154, 2.3090169943749475) to (4.091006524188368, 2.4539904997395467) to (4.009016994374948, 2.5877852522924734) to (3.9071067811865476, 2.7071067811865475) to (3.7877852522924735, 2.8090169943749475) to (3.653990499739547, 2.891006524188368) to (3.5090169943749476, 2.9510565162951536) to (3.356434465040231, 2.9876883405951378) to (3.2, 3.0) to (3.0435655349597694, 2.9876883405951378) to (2.8909830056250527, 2.9510565162951536) to (2.7460095002604534, 2.891006524188368) to (2.6122147477075273, 2.8090169943749475) to (2.4928932188134527, 2.7071067811865475) to (2.3909830056250527, 2.5877852522924734) to (2.3089934758116324, 2.4539904997395467) to (2.2489434837048465, 2.3090169943749475) to (2.2123116594048624, 2.156434465040231) to (2.2, 2.0) to (2.2123116594048624, 1.8435655349597693) to (2.2489434837048465, 1.690983005625053) to (2.3089934758116324, 1.5460095002604533) to (2.3909830056250527, 1.412214747707527) to (2.4928932188134523, 1.2928932188134525) to (2.612214747707527, 1.1909830056250525) to (2.7460095002604534, 1.1089934758116322) to (2.8909830056250527, 1.0489434837048464) to (3.043565534959769, 1.0123116594048622) to (3.2, 1.0) to (3.356434465040231, 1.0123116594048622) to (3.5090169943749476, 1.0489434837048464) to (3.653990499739547, 1.108993475811632) to (3.787785252292473, 1.1909830056250525) to (3.9071067811865476, 1.2928932188134523) to (4.009016994374948, 1.4122147477075266) to (4.0910065241883675, 1.546009500260453) to (4.151056516295154, 1.6909830056250523) to (4.1876883405951375, 1.8435655349597688) -- cycle;
    \draw[fill=blue, draw=blue, draw opacity=1.0, fill opacity=0.35, line width=2] (3.0, 3.2) to (2.9876883405951378, 3.356434465040231) to (2.9510565162951536, 3.5090169943749476) to (2.891006524188368, 3.653990499739547) to (2.8090169943749475, 3.7877852522924735) to (2.7071067811865475, 3.9071067811865476) to (2.5877852522924734, 4.009016994374948) to (2.4539904997395467, 4.0910065241883675) to (2.3090169943749475, 4.151056516295154) to (2.1564344650402307, 4.1876883405951375) to (2.0, 4.2) to (1.8435655349597695, 4.1876883405951375) to (1.6909830056250525, 4.151056516295154) to (1.5460095002604533, 4.091006524188368) to (1.412214747707527, 4.009016994374948) to (1.2928932188134525, 3.9071067811865476) to (1.1909830056250525, 3.7877852522924735) to (1.1089934758116322, 3.653990499739547) to (1.0489434837048464, 3.5090169943749476) to (1.0123116594048622, 3.3564344650402314) to (1.0, 3.2) to (1.0123116594048622, 3.0435655349597694) to (1.0489434837048464, 2.890983005625053) to (1.1089934758116322, 2.7460095002604534) to (1.1909830056250525, 2.6122147477075273) to (1.2928932188134523, 2.4928932188134527) to (1.4122147477075266, 2.3909830056250527) to (1.546009500260453, 2.3089934758116324) to (1.6909830056250525, 2.2489434837048465) to (1.843565534959769, 2.2123116594048624) to (1.9999999999999998, 2.2) to (2.1564344650402307, 2.2123116594048624) to (2.3090169943749475, 2.2489434837048465) to (2.4539904997395467, 2.308993475811632) to (2.587785252292473, 2.3909830056250527) to (2.7071067811865475, 2.4928932188134523) to (2.8090169943749475, 2.612214747707527) to (2.891006524188368, 2.7460095002604534) to (2.9510565162951536, 2.8909830056250527) to (2.9876883405951378, 3.043565534959769) -- cycle;
    \draw[fill=green!70!black, draw=green!70!black, draw opacity=1.0, fill opacity=0.35, line width=2] (1.8, 2.0) to (1.7876883405951378, 2.1564344650402307) to (1.7510565162951535, 2.3090169943749475) to (1.691006524188368, 2.4539904997395467) to (1.6090169943749475, 2.5877852522924734) to (1.5071067811865477, 2.7071067811865475) to (1.3877852522924732, 2.8090169943749475) to (1.2539904997395468, 2.891006524188368) to (1.1090169943749475, 2.9510565162951536) to (0.956434465040231, 2.9876883405951378) to (0.8000000000000002, 3.0) to (0.6435655349597694, 2.9876883405951378) to (0.4909830056250527, 2.9510565162951536) to (0.34600950026045335, 2.891006524188368) to (0.21221474770752702, 2.8090169943749475) to (0.09289321881345258, 2.7071067811865475) to (-0.009016994374947296, 2.5877852522924734) to (-0.09100652418836774, 2.4539904997395467) to (-0.1510565162951535, 2.3090169943749475) to (-0.18768834059513761, 2.156434465040231) to (-0.19999999999999996, 2.0) to (-0.18768834059513773, 1.8435655349597693) to (-0.1510565162951537, 1.690983005625053) to (-0.09100652418836785, 1.5460095002604533) to (-0.009016994374947518, 1.412214747707527) to (0.09289321881345236, 1.2928932188134525) to (0.2122147477075268, 1.1909830056250525) to (0.34600950026045313, 1.1089934758116322) to (0.4909830056250525, 1.0489434837048464) to (0.643565534959769, 1.0123116594048622) to (0.7999999999999998, 1.0) to (0.9564344650402308, 1.0123116594048622) to (1.1090169943749473, 1.0489434837048464) to (1.2539904997395466, 1.108993475811632) to (1.387785252292473, 1.1909830056250525) to (1.5071067811865473, 1.2928932188134523) to (1.6090169943749473, 1.4122147477075266) to (1.6910065241883678, 1.546009500260453) to (1.7510565162951535, 1.6909830056250523) to (1.7876883405951376, 1.8435655349597688) -- cycle;
    \draw[fill=orange, draw=orange, draw opacity=1.0, fill opacity=0.35, line width=2] (3.0, 0.8) to (2.9876883405951373, 0.9564344650402309) to (2.951056516295153, 1.1090169943749475) to (2.891006524188368, 1.2539904997395468) to (2.8090169943749475, 1.3877852522924732) to (2.7071067811865475, 1.5071067811865475) to (2.587785252292473, 1.6090169943749475) to (2.4539904997395467, 1.6910065241883678) to (2.3090169943749475, 1.7510565162951535) to (2.1564344650402307, 1.7876883405951378) to (1.9999999999999998, 1.8) to (1.8435655349597693, 1.7876883405951378) to (1.6909830056250525, 1.7510565162951537) to (1.546009500260453, 1.691006524188368) to (1.4122147477075266, 1.6090169943749475) to (1.2928932188134523, 1.5071067811865477) to (1.1909830056250525, 1.3877852522924732) to (1.108993475811632, 1.253990499739547) to (1.0489434837048464, 1.1090169943749475) to (1.0123116594048622, 0.956434465040231) to (0.9999999999999998, 0.8000000000000002) to (1.012311659404862, 0.6435655349597693) to (1.048943483704846, 0.49098300562505315) to (1.1089934758116318, 0.34600950026045335) to (1.190983005625052, 0.21221474770752702) to (1.292893218813452, 0.09289321881345258) to (1.4122147477075266, -0.009016994374947296) to (1.5460095002604528, -0.09100652418836774) to (1.690983005625052, -0.1510565162951535) to (1.8435655349597688, -0.18768834059513761) to (1.9999999999999996, -0.19999999999999996) to (2.1564344650402303, -0.18768834059513773) to (2.309016994374947, -0.1510565162951536) to (2.4539904997395463, -0.09100652418836797) to (2.5877852522924725, -0.009016994374947518) to (2.707106781186547, 0.09289321881345236) to (2.809016994374947, 0.21221474770752669) to (2.8910065241883673, 0.3460095002604531) to (2.951056516295153, 0.4909830056250524) to (2.9876883405951373, 0.6435655349597689) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}

Transparent vs white backgrounds

Section titled “Transparent vs white backgrounds”

By default show() and savefig() produce a transparent PNG background (transparent=True). This is ideal for embedding the figure in slides or documents where the background color matters.

Passing transparent=False gives a white background — useful when the rendering environment does not support transparency. Note that setting transparent=False does not affect PDF output, which is always vector and relies on the viewer for background rendering. It also does not affect the Tikz code itself, which does not include any background rectangle by default.

fig = TikzFigure()


fig.add_node(
    0, 0, shape="circle", fill="orange!60", content="Hello!", minimum_size="2cm"
)
fig.add_node(
    3,
    0,
    shape="rectangle",
    fill="teal!40",
    content="World!",
    minimum_width="2.5cm",
    minimum_height="1.2cm",
)


# Default: transparent PNG background (default transparent=True)
fig.show()

# White background
fig.show(transparent=False)

Show Tikz code 
print(fig)
% --------------------------------------------- %
% Tikzfigure generated by tikzfigure v0.2.1     %
% https://github.com/max-models/tikzfigure      %
% --------------------------------------------- %
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \node[shape=circle, fill=orange!60, minimum size=2cm] (node0) at ({0}, {0}) {Hello!};
    \node[shape=rectangle, fill=teal!40, minimum width=2.5cm, minimum height=1.2cm] (node1) at ({3}, {0}) {World!};
\end{tikzpicture}
 
# Saving examples (commented out — uncomment to run)
# fig.savefig("figure_transparent.png")          # transparent background (default)
# fig.savefig("figure_white.png", transparent=False)  # white background

The transparent flag only affects PNG output. PDF output is always vector and the background transparency is determined by the viewer.

Practical example: Venn diagram

Section titled “Practical example: Venn diagram”

A classic Venn diagram uses fill_opacity so the overlapping region inherits both colors visually.

import math


fig = TikzFigure()


R = 1.5  # circle radius
d = 1.2  # distance between centers


# Left circle
theta = [2 * math.pi * k / 80 for k in range(80)]
left = [(-d / 2 + R * math.cos(t), R * math.sin(t)) for t in theta]
right = [(d / 2 + R * math.cos(t), R * math.sin(t)) for t in theta]


fig.draw(left, cycle=True, fill="blue", draw="blue!80", fill_opacity=0.4, line_width=2)
fig.draw(right, cycle=True, fill="red", draw="red!80", fill_opacity=0.4, line_width=2)


# Labels
fig.add_node(
    -d / 2 - 0.6, 0, content="Set A", draw="none", font=r"\bfseries", color="blue!80"
)
fig.add_node(
    d / 2 + 0.6, 0, content="Set B", draw="none", font=r"\bfseries", color="red!80"
)
fig.add_node(0, 0, content=r"$A \cap B$", draw="none", font=r"\small")


fig.show()

Show Tikz code 
print(fig)
% --------------------------------------------- %
% Tikzfigure generated by tikzfigure v0.2.1     %
% https://github.com/max-models/tikzfigure      %
% --------------------------------------------- %
\begin{tikzpicture}
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